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Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species

Summary

Organism

Homo sapiens (human)

Reactome

R-HSA-3299685

PubChem

R-HSA-3299685

Description

Reactive oxygen species such as superoxide (O2.-), peroxides (ROOR), singlet oxygen, peroxynitrite (ONOO-), and hydroxyl radical (OH.) are generated by cellular processes such as respiration (reviewed in Murphy 2009, Brand 2010) and redox enzymes and are required for signaling yet they are damaging due to their high reactivity (reviewed in Imlay 2008, Buettner 2011, Kavdia 2011, Birben et al. 2012, Ray et al. 2012). Aerobic cells have defenses that detoxify reactive oxygen species by converting them to less reactive products. Superoxide dismutases convert superoxide to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen (reviewed in Fukai and Ushio-Fukai 2011). Catalase and peroxidases then convert hydrogen peroxide to water.
Humans contain 3 superoxide dismutases: SOD1 is located in the cytosol and mitochondrial intermembrane space, SOD2 is located in the mitochondrial matrix, and SOD3 is located in the extracellular region. Superoxide, a negative ion, is unable to easily cross membranes and tends to remain in the compartment where it was produced. Hydrogen peroxide, one of the products of superoxide dismutase, is able to diffuse across membranes and pass through aquaporin channels. In most cells the primary source of hydrogen peroxide is mitochondria and, once in the cytosol, hydrogen peroxide serves as a signaling molecule to regulate redox-sensitive proteins such as transcription factors, kinases, phosphatases, ion channels, and others (reviewed in Veal and Day 2011, Ray et al. 2012). Hydrogen peroxide is decomposed to water by catalase, decomposed to water plus oxidized thioredoxin by peroxiredoxins, and decomposed to water plus oxidized glutathione by glutathione peroxidases (Presnell et al. 2013).

Click on a node on the pathway to see its details. Glycoproteins are marked with a glycoprotein icon in their name.

SPV: a JavaScript Signaling Pathway Visualizer, Bioinformatics, 2018

Displaying entries **1 - 10** of 13 in total

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UniProt ID	Protein Name	Gene Symbol	Pathway Viewer
O94778	Aquaporin-8	AQP8	view
P00441	Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]	SOD1	view
P04040	Catalase	CAT	view
P04179	Superoxide dismutase [Mn], mitochondrial	SOD2	view
P04839	NADPH oxidase 2	CYBB NOX2	view
P07237	Protein disulfide-isomerase	ERBA2L P4HB PDI PDIA1 PO4DB	view
P08294	Extracellular superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]	SOD3	view
P32119	Peroxiredoxin-2	NKEFB PRDX2 TDPX1	view
Q04656	Copper-transporting ATPase 1	ATP7A MC1 MNK	view
Q06830	Peroxiredoxin-1	PAGA PAGB PRDX1 TDPX2	view

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