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Attachment and Entry

Summary

Organism

Homo sapiens (human)

Reactome

R-HSA-9678110

PubChem

R-HSA-9678110

Description

Coronavirus replication is initiated by the binding of S protein to the cell surface receptor(s). The S protein is composed of two functional domains, S1 (bulb) which mediates receptor binding and S2 (stalk) which mediates membrane fusion. Specific interaction between S1 and the cognate receptor triggers a drastic conformational change in S2, leading to fusion between the virus envelope and the cellular membrane and release of the viral nucleocapsid into the host cell cytosol. Receptor binding is the major determinant of the host range and tissue tropism for a coronavirus. Some human coronaviruses (HCoVs ) have adopted cell surface enzymes as receptors, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for SARS-CoV-1 and HCoV NL63. The receptor-bound S protein is activated by cleavage into S1 and S2, mediated by one of two of two host proteases, the endosomal cysteine protease cathepsin L and another trypsin like serine protease. Type II transmembrane serine proteases TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS11D have also been implicated in the activation of S protein of SARS-CoV-1. Host factors may play additional roles in viral entry (not annotated here). Valosin containing protein (VCP) contributes by a poorly understood mechanism to the release of coronavirus from early endosomes. Host factors may also restrict the attachment and entry of HCoV. Some interferon inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) exhibited broad spectrum antiviral functions against various RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-1 while others may facilitate HCoV entry into host cells (Fung & Liu 2019).

Click on a node on the pathway to see its details. Glycoproteins are marked with a glycoprotein icon in their name.

SPV: a JavaScript Signaling Pathway Visualizer, Bioinformatics, 2018

Displaying **all 7** entries
UniProt ID	Protein Name	Gene Symbol	Pathway Viewer
O15393	Transmembrane protease serine 2	PRSS10 TMPRSS2	view
P07711	Procathepsin L	CTSL CTSL1 hCG_30369	view
P55072	Transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase	HEL-220 HEL-S-70 VCP	view
P59594	Spike glycoprotein	2 S	view
P59596	Membrane protein	5 M	view
P59632	ORF3a protein	3a	view
Q9BYF1	Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2	ACE2 UNQ868/PRO1885	view

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