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Attachment and Entry

Summary

Organism

Homo sapiens (human)

Reactome

R-HSA-9694614

PubChem

R-HSA-9694614

Description

This COVID-19 event has been created by a combination of computational inference (see https://reactome.org/documentation/inferred-events) from SARS-CoV-1 data and manual curation, as described in the summation for the overall SARS-CoV-2 infection pathway.

Coronavirus replication is initiated by the binding of S protein to the cell surface receptor(s). The S protein is composed of two functional domains, S1 (bulb) which mediates receptor binding and S2 (stalk) which mediates membrane fusion. Specific interaction between S1 and the cognate receptor triggers a drastic conformational change in S2, leading to fusion between the virus envelope and the cellular membrane and release of the viral nucleocapsid into the host cell cytosol. Receptor binding is the major determinant of the host range and tissue tropism for a coronavirus. Some human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have adopted cell surface enzymes as receptors, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for SARS-CoV-2 (reviewed by Jackson et al, 2022), SARS-CoV-1, and HCoV NL63. The receptor-bound S protein is activated by cleavage into S1 and S2, mediated by one of two host proteases, the endosomal cysteine protease cathepsin L and another trypsin like serine protease. Type II transmembrane serine proteases TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS11D have also been implicated in the activation of S protein of SARS-CoV-2. Host factors may play additional roles in viral entry (not annotated here). Valosin containing protein (VCP) contributes by a poorly understood mechanism to the release of coronavirus from early endosomes. Host factors may also restrict the attachment and entry of HCoV.

Click on a node on the pathway to see its details. Glycoproteins are marked with a glycoprotein icon in their name.

SPV: a JavaScript Signaling Pathway Visualizer, Bioinformatics, 2018

Displaying entries **1 - 10** of 22 in total

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UniProt ID	Protein Name	Gene Symbol	Pathway Viewer
O00468	Agrin	AGRIN AGRN	view
O14786	Neuropilin-1	NRP NRP1 VEGF165R	view
O15393	Transmembrane protease serine 2	PRSS10 TMPRSS2	view
O75056	Syndecan-3	KIAA0468 SDC3	view
O75487	Glypican-4	GPC4 UNQ474/PRO937	view
P07711	Procathepsin L	CTSL CTSL1 hCG_30369	view
P09958	Furin	FUR FURIN PACE PCSK3	view
P0DTC2	Spike glycoprotein	2 S	view
P0DTC3	ORF3a protein	3a	view
P0DTC5	Membrane protein	M	view

Displaying **all 3** entries
GlyCosmos Lectin	UniProt ID	Lectin Name	Pathway Viewer
GL_002337	P0DTC2	Spike glycoprotein	view
GL_005327	O00468	Agrin	view
GL_005334	P98160	Basement membrane-specific heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein	view

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