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Formation of axial mesoderm

Summary

Organism

Homo sapiens (human)

Reactome

R-HSA-9796292

PubChem

R-HSA-9796292

Description

Axial mesoderm, also called chordamesoderm, is formed by cells ingressing at the anterior end of the primitive streak. The axial mesoderm produces three types of cells, namely (from anterior to posterior) prechordal plate, anterior head process, and node-derived notochord precursors (reviewed in Balmer et al. 2016). In mouse and rat, the prechordal plate gives rise to cells in the foregut endoderm, oral endoderm, and ventral cranial mesoderm (Aoto et al. 2009); the anterior head process gives rise to the anterior portion of the notochord; notochord precursors give rise to the remaining posterior region of the notochord. Contribution of axial mesoderm in humans is less well characterized (Muller and O'Rahilly 2003). (
All these cells initially form a single columnar epithelium, the notochordal plate, that is contiguous with the endoderm. The notochordal plate then submerges into the embryo to form the tubular notochord structure. During embryogenesis the notochord not only provides physical stiffness but also produces signaling molecules such as Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) that pattern surrounding tissues. After the notochord forms, it regresses in regions where vertebrae form and expands in the perichordal disc to form the nuclei pulposi, cartilage-like discs that are interspersed with the vertebrae (reviewed in Williams et al. 2019).
Formation of the axial mesoderm is initiated by NODAL signaling via SMAD2,3 proteins that interact with the FOXH1 pioneer transcription factor (inferred from the activities of mouse homologs, as described by Hoodless et al. 2001, Yamamoto et al. 2001). TEAD proteins (inferred from mouse homologs as described by Sawada et al. 2005), which are negatively regulated by the HIPPO signaling pathway, and TBXT (T, BRACHURY) (inferred from mouse homologs, as described by Lolas et al. 2014), whose expression is initiated prior to primitive streak formation, act with the SMADs and FOXH1 to activate FOXA2, which then participates in activating downstream targets such as NOTO and SHH.

Click on a node on the pathway to see its details. Glycoproteins are marked with a glycoprotein icon in their name.

SPV: a JavaScript Signaling Pathway Visualizer, Bioinformatics, 2018

Displaying **all 8** entries
UniProt ID	Protein Name	Gene Symbol	Pathway Viewer
O15178	T-box transcription factor T	T TBXT	view
O75593	Forkhead box protein H1	FAST1 FAST2 FOXH1	view
P35222	Catenin beta-1	CTNNB CTNNB1 OK/SW-cl.35 PRO2286	view
P46937	Transcriptional coactivator YAP1	YAP1 YAP65	view
P55317	Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-alpha	FOXA1 HNF3A TCF3A	view
Q15465	Sonic hedgehog protein	SHH	view
Q15561	Transcriptional enhancer factor TEF-3	RTEF1 TCF13L1 TEAD4 TEF3	view
Q9UJU2	Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1	LEF1	view

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